The civil tiles are ranked according to the Chinese cultural significance of the tile names, and must be memorized. Each civil tile also has a Chinese name (and common rough translation to English): The 6-6 is tin ( 天 heaven), 1-1 is dei ( 地 earth), 4-4 is yan ( 人 man), 1-3 is ngo ( 鵝 goose or 和 harmony), 5-5 is mui ( 梅 plum flower), 3-3 is cheung ( 長 long), 2-2 is ban ( 板 board), 5-6 is fu ( 斧 hatchet), 4-6 is ping ( 屏 partition), 1-6 is tsat ( 七) (long leg seven), and 1-5 is luk ( 六) (big head six). ![]() There are no markings on the tiles to distinguish these suits a player must simply remember which tiles belong to which group. The tile set consists of 32 tiles in two "suits" or groups called "military" and "civil". Eleven of these 21 unique patterns are repeated to make a total of 32 tiles in a Chinese dominoes set. Each combination is only used once, so there are 21 unique possible patterns. Deck composition and ranking Įach tile pattern in the Chinese domino set is made up of the outcome of a throw of two six-sided dice. It is possible that these were the types of dominoes that made it to Europe the following century. These games employed two sets of "double-six" tiles. Tiles with blank ends, like those found in Western "double-six" dominoes, once existed during the 17th century. Unlike most modern tiles they are white with black and red pips.ĭuring the Qing dynasty (1644-1912), the suits known as "Chinese" and "barbarian" were renamed to "civil" and "military" respectively to avoid offending the ruling Manchus. Tiles dating from the 12th to 14th centuries have survived. Andrew Lo asserts that Zhou Mi meant dominoes when referring to pupai, since the Ming author Lu Rong (1436–1494) explicitly defined pupai as dominoes (in regards to a story of a suitor who won a maiden's hand by drawing out four winning pupai from a set). the capital Hangzhou) written by the Yuan Dynasty (1271–1368) author Zhou Mi (1232–1298), who listed " pupai" (gambling plaques or dominoes) as well as dice as items sold by peddlers during the reign of Song Emperor Xiaozong ( r. 1162–1189). The oldest confirmed written mention of dominoes in China comes from the Former Events in Wulin (i.e. 1155) made no mention of dominoes in her compendium of games. However the contemporary Li Qingzhao (1084 – c. Ming author Xie Zhaozhe (1567–1624) records the legend of dominoes having been presented to Song Emperor Huizong in 1112. In Cantonese they are called gwāt pái ( 骨牌), which literally means "bone tiles" it is also the name of a northern Chinese game, where the rules are quite different from the southern Chinese version of tien gow. Chinese dominoes are used in several tile-based games, namely, tien gow, pai gow, tiu u and kap tai shap.
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